If you are looking for a cable to charge devices, get the highest wattage one so that the cable does not limit the device charging rate. This Anker cable is built like a tank and delivers 100 Watts. It is the highest power rating in the industry and is more than enough to power any laptops or other devices.
If you need a cable to hook up your USB-C monitor or a fast disk drive to your computer, you need high-end cable. There are many usb-c standards, so it is best to buy the cable that supports the latest standard and not worry about it until something faster comes out. Current top of the line cable is one that supports "thunderbolt 3.0 and USB-C 3.1 gen2. Note that it is only 2.3ft long though.
Some applications require extra long USB0C cables, but the USB-C standard does not go beyond 6ft. Facebook created a cable for their Oculus headset that solve this by sending data via fiber optic and power via copper. It compromizes on the charging (at 60w instead of 100w) and does not support the latest USB-C standard, but this 16ft cable provides both power and data and sometimes you just need a very long cable.
USB-A is the normal old-style USB plug. It is useful if you need to connect an older computer to your new phone with a USB-C plug. It can also be used for charing newer USB-C devices from a USB-A power block. Pease note, that the USB-A standard does not support high power devices such as laptops that need over 60W of power. So, you will be able to use this cable for phones and smaller devices, but still will not be able to charge a USB-C laptop from a USB-A power block.
Connect your Apple phone to anything using USB-C. This cable can be used for charging and data.
There are still many Micro USB devices around and many manufacturers still make devices with those ports. Use this cable to charge them with USB-C power blocks or connect to your newer USB-C computer port.
Mini USB used to be popular before Micro USB and is a more squarish connector. Use this cable to charge or connect your older devices to anything USB-C.